SCIENCE & RESEARCH · OCEAN-BASED BIOTECHNOLOGY
THE SCIENCE BEHIND A NEW KIND OF SWEETNESS
Biochemical precision. Marine intelligence. A new approach to sweetness shaped by biotechnology.
Sea Sugar™ was created from a different starting point.
THE OCEAN.
We did not begin with synthetic sweetness and ask how to make it fit into a natural approach to nutrition.
We began with nature.
Marine algae.
Naturally occurring minerals.
Biological matrices.
Naturally derived compounds.
And extraordinarily concentrated sources of sweetness.
Our philosophy is simple:
NATURE FIRST. SCIENCE VERIFIES.
01
THE BIOLOGICAL INTELLIGENCE OF THE OCEAN
For millions of years, marine organisms have developed sophisticated biological systems for concentrating minerals, producing pigments, creating polysaccharides and adapting to complex environments.
Algae are not simply plants in the ocean.
They are living biological systems.
They produce, concentrate and organize compounds within their own biological structures.
This is one of the reasons the ocean became our starting point.
At Sea Sugar™, we believe modern biotechnology does not have to mean moving further away from nature.
It can mean understanding nature more deeply.
Our goal is to identify what nature already does exceptionally well, preserve the integrity of those biological materials, and combine them with precision.
NATURE IS NOT AN OUTDATED TECHNOLOGY.
NATURE IS THE ORIGINAL BIOTECHNOLOGY.
02
THE SCIENCE INSIDE SEA SUGAR™
Sea Sugar™ brings together a carefully selected combination of marine and naturally derived ingredients.
TREHALOSE
Trehalose is a naturally occurring non-reducing disaccharide found in plants, microorganisms, fungi and other organisms.
It has attracted significant scientific interest because of its relationship with cellular stress responses, protein homeostasis and autophagy.
Research has explored trehalose in cellular and animal models involving neurodegenerative disease and neuronal protection. However, the mechanisms responsible for these effects remain an active area of scientific investigation, particularly regarding whether trehalose directly induces productive autophagic flux. [1][2]
That distinction matters to us.
We present the research for what it is.
INTERESTING BIOLOGY. NOT UNPROVEN PROMISES.
03
LITHOTHAMNION CALCAREUM
Lithothamnion calcareum is a marine red algae that naturally incorporates calcium, magnesium and other minerals into its biological structure.
Its minerals are deposited within the organism’s cell wall, creating a naturally mineralized marine matrix.
The technical documentation for the Lithothamnion material describes calcium and magnesium carbonate as major components of the mineralized structure, together with numerous naturally occurring trace elements. [3]
This is not simply calcium added to a powder.
IT IS A MARINE BIOLOGICAL MINERAL MATRIX.
And that distinction is fundamental to the Sea Sugar™ philosophy.
04
BLUE SPIRULINA & PHYCOCYANIN
Blue Spirulina provides naturally occurring phycocyanin, the blue pigment responsible for its characteristic color.
Phycocyanin-enriched preparations have been investigated in human research, including randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled research examining safety and biological parameters. [4]
For Sea Sugar™, Blue Spirulina represents another example of our broader philosophy:
USE WHAT NATURE HAS ALREADY CREATED.
05
THAUMATIN
EXTREME PURITY. EXTRAORDINARY SWEETNESS.
Thaumatin is an intensely sweet protein derived from the katemfe fruit, Thaumatococcus daniellii.
Its extraordinary sweetness allows extremely small quantities to contribute significant sweetness.
But at Sea Sugar™, not all thaumatin is treated equally.
We deliberately work with extremely high-purity thaumatin, selected for purity and formulation quality rather than simply for the lowest possible cost.
THIS IS A PREMIUM RAW MATERIAL.
The high-purity thaumatin used in our formulation can represent a raw-material cost of approximately:
US$9,000 PER KILOGRAM
This is not the price of all thaumatin on the market.
It reflects the exceptionally high-purity grade of raw material we choose to work with.
And that distinction is important.
WE DO NOT FORMULATE AROUND THE CHEAPEST INGREDIENT.
We formulate around the ingredients that meet our standards.
At this level of purity, thaumatin is an extraordinarily concentrated functional component.
Only a very small quantity is required to contribute significant sweetness.
This is part of the Sea Sugar™ philosophy:
LESS MATERIAL.
LESS QUANTITY.
EXTRAORDINARY SWEETNESS.
UNCOMPROMISING RAW-MATERIAL QUALITY.
PURITY OVER COST.
PRECISION OVER EXCESS.
QUALITY OVER CHEAPNESS.
06
WHAT THE SCIENCE SAYS ABOUT THAUMATIN
Thaumatin has been extensively evaluated as a food ingredient.
In its 2021 re-evaluation of thaumatin E957, the European Food Safety Authority described thaumatin as a natural plant protein consisting primarily of thaumatin I and thaumatin II, obtained from the fruit of Thaumatococcus daniellii. [5]
EFSA evaluated available information concerning exposure, digestibility, genotoxicity, allergenicity and toxicology.
The Panel concluded that there was no need for a numerical acceptable daily intake for thaumatin E957 and identified no safety concern under the regulatory maximum-level exposure scenario evaluated. [5]
EFSA also examined the purity specifications of commercial thaumatin and noted that commercial material could be further purified above 97% by ultrafiltration. The Panel recommended that specifications specifically address the combined content of thaumatin I and II using validated analytical methodology. [5]
This is particularly relevant to our philosophy.
We are not interested simply in whether an ingredient is sweet.
We are interested in:
What is it?
Where does it come from?
How pure is it?
How is it characterized?
Why does it belong in the formulation?
For Sea Sugar™, the answer is clear:
WE CHOOSE THAUMATIN FOR ITS EXTRAORDINARY SWEETNESS AND WE PRIORITIZE EXTREME PURITY.
07
NATURAL MINERALS. NATURAL MATRIX. BIOAVAILABILITY.
WHY THE FORM OF A MINERAL MATTERS
We do not believe nutrition should be reduced to a number on a label.
A mineral is not simply:
“How many milligrams?”
Its source matters.
Its form matters.
Its biological environment matters.
And the way it exists in nature matters.
This is why Sea Sugar™ uses Lithothamnion calcareum.
The mineral content of Lithothamnion is naturally incorporated into the structure of the organism, with calcium and magnesium deposited within its cell walls together with a broad spectrum of naturally occurring mineral elements. [3]
It is not simply an isolated mineral.
IT IS A NATURALLY MINERALIZED BIOLOGICAL MATRIX.
08
THE BIOLOGICAL MATRIX
Modern nutrition often reduces food to individual compounds:
Calcium.
Magnesium.
Iron.
Zinc.
Trace minerals.
But food is more than a list of isolated numbers.
Within living organisms, nutrients exist within biological environments.
That surrounding structure is part of what we call the biological matrix.
Our philosophy is rooted in a simple principle:
WHEN NATURE ALREADY PROVIDES A NUTRIENT IN A BIOLOGICALLY MEANINGFUL FORM, WE BELIEVE THERE IS VALUE IN PRESERVING THAT RELATIONSHIP.
The technical documentation for Lithothamnion describes a broad mineral profile and naturally occurring variation between lots. [3]
That variation is characteristic of working with a biological material.
It is precisely why analytical testing matters.
NATURAL DOES NOT MEAN UNCONTROLLED.
NATURAL MEANS BIOLOGICAL.
SCIENCE MEANS MEASURING IT.
09
WHAT THE RESEARCH SHOWS
Scientific research has investigated whether the source and form of minerals can influence their absorption and metabolism.
In a human study using a dual stable-isotope method, an algal-derived calcium preparation demonstrated significantly higher fractional calcium absorption than calcium carbonate under the conditions studied.
The study involved 10 postmenopausal women and reported mean fractional absorption of approximately 23.1% for the algal preparation compared with 14.7% for calcium carbonate. [6]
Research has also specifically investigated calcium derived from Lithothamnion in humans.
A double-blind crossover pilot trial involving 12 premenopausal women compared a calcium preparation derived from marine Lithothamnion with calcium carbonate and placebo.
The researchers observed differences in markers of calcium metabolism following administration of the Lithothamnion-derived preparation. [7]
These studies do not establish that every natural mineral is universally superior to every synthetic mineral.
They demonstrate something fundamental to our philosophy:
MINERAL SOURCE, FORM AND BIOLOGICAL MATRIX DESERVE SCIENTIFIC CONSIDERATION.
That is the question that interests us.
10
OUR NATUROPATHIC & INTEGRATIVE PHILOSOPHY
Sea Sugar™ is guided by a naturopathic, Hippocratic, holistic and integrative philosophy.
We view the human body as a biological system.
And biological systems exist in relationship with the natural world.
Our approach therefore does not begin with:
“What synthetic compound can reproduce this function?”
Our starting question is:
“WHAT HAS NATURE ALREADY CREATED?”
When nature already provides the desired nutritional or functional characteristic in a meaningful biological form, we believe nature should be the starting point.
Then we use science to understand it.
Technology to process it responsibly.
Testing to verify it.
And precision to formulate it.
This is not an argument against science.
It is our interpretation of science through a natural and integrative philosophy.
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THE HUMAN BODY & BIOLOGICAL COMPATIBILITY
The human body is extraordinarily complex.
It is made of cells, membranes, proteins, enzymes, receptors, minerals and interconnected biological systems.
Our philosophy is that nutrition should respect that complexity.
We therefore place particular value on ingredients that originate within biological systems and retain meaningful relationships to their natural source.
We are interested in what the body recognizes, transports, metabolizes and utilizes.
We are interested in the relationship between nutrients and their biological environment.
And we are interested in the growing scientific field of bioavailability.
NOT JUST WHAT IS PRESENT.
BUT WHAT THE BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM CAN INTERACT WITH.
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THE SEA SUGAR™ STANDARD
Every ingredient must answer a simple question:
WHY DOES THIS INGREDIENT BELONG HERE?
ORIGIN
Where did it come from?
PURITY
How pure is the raw material?
BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN
Does it originate from a natural biological source?
FUNCTION
Why is it part of the formulation?
MATRIX
Does the ingredient retain a meaningful biological structure?
TRACEABILITY
Can its origin and quality be documented?
TESTING
Can its identity, composition and safety be independently evaluated?
The technical documentation for the Lithothamnion material includes physicochemical, microbiological and contaminant testing, including calcium, magnesium, arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury, together with additional quality parameters. [3]
For us, natural sourcing does not replace scientific quality control.
IT MAKES QUALITY CONTROL EVEN MORE IMPORTANT.
13
NATURE HAS VARIATION. SCIENCE PROVIDES VERIFICATION.
A biological material is not necessarily identical from one harvest or lot to another.
That is part of nature.
The documented mineral composition of Lithothamnion varies between lots. [3]
We do not see natural variation as something to hide.
We see it as something to understand, document and monitor.
NATURE PROVIDES THE MATERIAL.
SCIENCE MEASURES IT.
QUALITY SYSTEMS DOCUMENT IT.
PRECISION CREATES THE FINISHED PRODUCT.
14
TREHALOSE & CELLULAR BIOLOGY
Trehalose has attracted considerable scientific interest because of its potential relationship with cellular stress responses, protein homeostasis and autophagy.
Research has investigated trehalose in models of neurodegenerative disease, including Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease models. [1]
Some experimental studies have reported changes associated with autophagy and protein aggregation.
At the same time, scientific literature has questioned whether trehalose directly induces productive autophagic flux, demonstrating that the mechanism remains unresolved. [1][2]
This is precisely why we believe research should be presented transparently.
SCIENTIFIC CURIOSITY IS NOT THE SAME AS CLINICAL PROOF.
Sea Sugar™ does not present trehalose research as evidence that Sea Sugar™ treats, prevents or cures disease.
We present the research because it helps illuminate the biology of one of our naturally occurring ingredients.
15
BLUE SPIRULINA & PHYCOCYANIN
Phycocyanin is a naturally occurring blue pigment found in cyanobacteria such as Arthrospira, commonly known as Spirulina.
Human research has investigated phycocyanin-enriched preparations.
One randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study enrolled 24 adults and evaluated the safety of a high-dose phycocyanin-enriched aqueous extract over two weeks, including markers related to platelet activation and coagulation. [4]
This is an example of the type of evidence we value:
Human research.
Defined preparation.
Defined dosage.
Defined study period.
Defined outcomes.
But research on an isolated ingredient or preparation is not automatically clinical evidence for Sea Sugar™.
WE BELIEVE THAT DISTINCTION SHOULD ALWAYS BE CLEAR.
16
LITHOTHAMNION: NATURE’S MINERAL MATRIX
Lithothamnion belongs to the red algae group and naturally incorporates minerals into its structure.
The technical documentation describes calcium and magnesium carbonate deposited within the cell wall together with a broad spectrum of other mineral elements. [3]
The documented nutritional profile includes calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphorus, manganese, copper, selenium, potassium, molybdenum and zinc, among other elements. [3]
The documentation also reports an average bioavailability figure of approximately 87% for the analyzed material and notes that the nutritional and mineral composition can vary between lots. [3]
We present this information as supplier technical documentation, not as a clinical trial of Sea Sugar™.
For us, the larger point is the biological architecture of the ingredient.
LITHOTHAMNION IS NOT SIMPLY A MINERAL.
IT IS A MARINE BIOLOGICAL MINERAL MATRIX.
17
FROM OCEAN TO INGREDIENT
Our philosophy does not end with selecting a natural material.
The material must also be processed responsibly.
The Lithothamnion technical documentation describes processing stages including drying, sieving, milling, micronization and packaging. [3]
The purpose is to transform a naturally occurring marine material into an ingredient suitable for precise formulation while maintaining appropriate quality controls.
NATURE PROVIDES THE STARTING POINT.
PRECISION CREATES THE FINISHED INGREDIENT.
18
EMERGING MARINE RESEARCH
The ocean represents one of the greatest reservoirs of biological diversity on Earth.
Researchers continue to investigate marine organisms and their compounds across a wide range of scientific fields.
Marine research has explored compounds and biological materials including:
Phycocyanin
Fucoxanthin
Astaxanthin
Laminarin
Marine polysaccharides
Exopolysaccharides
Marine mineral matrices
Not all of these are ingredients in Sea Sugar™.
They are part of the broader scientific landscape of marine biotechnology.
We include this research to demonstrate why the ocean continues to attract scientific interest.
THE OCEAN IS NOT SIMPLY OUR SOURCE.
IT IS OUR INSPIRATION.
19
THREE SCIENTIFIC FIELDS SHAPING THE FUTURE OF SWEETNESS
01. MARINE BIOLOGY
The ocean contains extraordinary biological diversity.
Marine organisms produce compounds with unique structures and biological functions that continue to be investigated.
20
02. CELLULAR BIOLOGY
Naturally occurring molecules such as trehalose and phycocyanin have been investigated in relation to cellular stress, oxidative biology, protein homeostasis and other biological mechanisms. [1][2][4]
These studies help expand our understanding of how naturally occurring molecules interact with biological systems.
21
03. NUTRITIONAL BIOAVAILABILITY
The nutritional value of an ingredient is not determined solely by how much of a nutrient it contains.
Researchers investigate how nutrients are absorbed, distributed and utilized.
This is why source, molecular form and biological matrix matter. [6][7]
22
FROM SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH TO EVERYDAY USE
Sea Sugar™ was created to bring this philosophy into everyday life.
Not as a laboratory experiment.
Not as a collection of isolated compounds.
But as a practical approach to sweetness.
A highly concentrated natural sweetener designed around a simple principle:
LESS IS MORE.
Because Sea Sugar™ is highly concentrated, only a very small quantity is needed to provide substantial sweetness.
Coffee.
Tea.
Smoothies.
Yogurt.
Desserts.
Recipes.
And countless other ways people enjoy sweetness.
23
THE POWER OF CONCENTRATION
Sea Sugar™ is designed around extraordinary sweetness intensity.
A small amount can replace a much larger amount of conventional sugar in everyday applications.
That means the experience of sweetness does not need to come from large quantities of material.
A LITTLE GOES A LONG WAY.
This is part of what makes Sea Sugar™ fundamentally different.
We are not simply replacing one spoonful of sugar with another spoonful of something else.
We are rethinking the relationship between:
quantity
sweetness
source
and
biological ingredients.
24
SCIENCE WITHOUT HYPE
We believe science should be exciting without becoming exaggerated.
That is why our research library distinguishes between:
Ingredient research
Cellular research
Animal research
Human research
Mechanistic research
Clinical evidence
A study involving an isolated molecule does not automatically prove an effect of the finished Sea Sugar™ product.
A cellular study does not equal a human clinical trial.
An animal study does not equal a human outcome.
And an observation about a biological mechanism does not automatically constitute a health claim.
WE BELIEVE SCIENCE IS STRONGEST WHEN THE EVIDENCE IS PRESENTED HONESTLY.
25
OUR RESEARCH LIBRARY
Explore the scientific literature behind the ingredients and biological principles that inspired Sea Sugar™.
MARINE MINERALS
Lithothamnion.
Calcium metabolism.
Mineral absorption.
Biological mineral matrices.
CELLULAR BIOLOGY
Trehalose.
Autophagy.
Protein homeostasis.
Cellular stress.
MARINE BIOACTIVES
Phycocyanin.
Blue Spirulina.
Marine polysaccharides.
Marine biotechnology.
NATURAL SWEET PROTEINS
Thaumatin.
Protein sweetness.
Food safety.
Ingredient characterization.
26
THE SEA SUGAR™ PHILOSOPHY
We believe nature is not an outdated technology.
NATURE IS THE ORIGINAL BIOTECHNOLOGY.
For millions of years, biological systems have adapted, concentrated minerals and produced complex molecules.
Our role is not to assume that nature needs to be replaced.
Our role is to understand it better.
To select carefully.
To source responsibly.
To preserve biological origin whenever possible.
To test rigorously.
To formulate precisely.
And to create something useful for modern life.
27
THE NEXT GENERATION OF SWEETNESS
The future of sweetness may not begin with another synthetic molecule.
It may begin by asking a different question:
WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM NATURE?
From marine algae.
From biological matrices.
From naturally occurring minerals.
From proteins.
From cellular biology.
From the extraordinary chemistry of the ocean.
Sea Sugar™ represents our answer to that question.
Not by moving further away from nature.
But by combining:
NATURE + SCIENCE + PRECISION
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THE SCIENCE BEHIND A NEW KIND OF SWEETNESS
SEA SUGAR™
Sweetness from the Ocean.
Nature first. Science verifies.
DISCOVER SEA SUGAR™
29
SCIENTIFIC REFERENCES
[1] TREHALOSE & AUTOPHAGY
Lee HJ, Yoon YS, Lee SJ.
Mechanism of neuroprotection by trehalose: controversy surrounding autophagy induction.
Cell Death & Disease. 2018;9(7):712.
PMID: 29907758
30
[2] TREHALOSE & AUTOPHAGIC FLUX
Is trehalose an autophagic inducer? Unraveling the roles of non-reducing disaccharides on autophagic flux and alpha-synuclein aggregation.
Autophagy. 2017.
PMID: 28981090
31
[3] LITHOTHAMNION CALCAREUM
Litholife. Apresentação Comercial — Litholife 2024.
Technical documentation covering Lithothamnion calcareum origin, mineral composition, processing, nutritional profile, quality testing and lot variability.
The documentation describes Lithothamnion as a marine red algae whose mineral content is incorporated into its cellular structure and provides the documented mineral and quality specifications for the analyzed material.
32
[4] PHYCOCYANIN & HUMAN RESEARCH
Jensen GS, Drapeau C, Lenninger M, Benson KF.
Clinical Safety of a High Dose of Phycocyanin-Enriched Aqueous Extract from Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis: Results from a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study with a Focus on Anticoagulant Activity and Platelet Activation.
Journal of Medicinal Food. 2016;19(7):645–653.
PMID: 27362442
33
[5] THAUMATIN — EFSA SAFETY RE-EVALUATION
EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings.
Re-evaluation of thaumatin (E 957) as a food additive.
EFSA Journal. 2021;19(11):e06884.
The EFSA Panel evaluated exposure, digestibility, genotoxicity, allergenicity, toxicology and specifications for thaumatin E957. The Panel concluded that a numerical ADI was not necessary and identified no safety concern under the regulatory maximum-level exposure scenario evaluated.
EFSA also reviewed the purity specifications of commercial thaumatin and recommended specifications addressing the combined content of thaumatin I and II using validated analytical methodology.
Official reference: https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6884
34
[6] ALGAL-DERIVED CALCIUM & ABSORPTION
Uenishi K, Fujita T, Ishida H, et al.
Fractional absorption of active absorbable algal calcium (AAACa) and calcium carbonate measured by a dual stable-isotope method.
Nutrients. 2010;2(7):752–761.
PMID: 22254052
DOI: 10.3390/nu2070752
In this human study involving 10 postmenopausal women, fractional calcium absorption was reported as approximately 23.1% for the algal-derived preparation and 14.7% for calcium carbonate under the study conditions.
35
[7] LITHOTHAMNION-DERIVED CALCIUM & HUMAN CALCIUM METABOLISM
Zenk JL, Frestedt JL, Kuskowski MA.
Effect of Calcium Derived from Lithothamnion sp. on Markers of Calcium Metabolism in Premenopausal Women.
Journal of Medicinal Food. 2018;21(2):154–158.
PMID: 29023178
A double-blind crossover pilot trial involving 12 premenopausal women compared a Lithothamnion-derived calcium preparation with calcium carbonate and placebo and evaluated markers of calcium metabolism.
36
HOW TO READ OUR RESEARCH
The references above represent different levels of scientific evidence.
Some investigate molecules.
Some investigate cells.
Some investigate animals.
Some involve human participants.
These levels of evidence should not be treated as equivalent.
Research on an individual Sea Sugar™ ingredient does not constitute a clinical trial of Sea Sugar™ itself.
Our commitment is to make that distinction clear.
READ THE ORIGINAL RESEARCH.
FOLLOW THE REFERENCES.
UNDERSTAND THE EVIDENCE.
THEN DISCOVER SEA SUGAR™.
The science behind a new kind of sweetness
Sea Sugar™
Sweetness from the Ocean. Nature first. Science verifies.
SCIENTIFIC REFERENCES
Trehalose & Cellular Metabolism
- Trehalose & Autophagy · Frontiers in Neuroscience
Journal
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroscience - Trehalose & Cellular Stress · Scientific Reports
Journal
https://www.nature.com/srep/ - Trehalose: Properties & Applications
Search results
https://www.sciencedirect.com/search?qs=trehalose+properties+applications
Functional Sugars & Metabolic Health
- Sugars, Sweet Taste Receptors, and Brain Responses
Research article
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5537773/ - The Dose Makes the Poison: Sugar and Obesity in the United States: a Review
Review
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6959843/ - Allulose Reviews · National Library of Medicine
Search results
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/search/research-articles/?term=allulose+review - Rare Sugars & Metabolic Health · Nutrients
Journal
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients - Functional Sweeteners · Frontiers in Nutrition
Journal
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition
Microalgae & Mitochondrial Metabolism
- Potential of Microalgae as Functional Foods Applied to Mitochondria Protection and Healthy Aging Promotion
Review · Nutraceuticals
https://www.mdpi.com/1661-3821/3/1/10 - Microalgae & Biotechnology · Nature Reviews Bioengineering
Journal
https://www.nature.com/natreviews/bioengineering - Microalgae Bioactive Compounds · Frontiers in Nutrition
Journal
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition
Marine Algae Polysaccharides
- Marine Polysaccharides from Algae with Potential Biomedical Applications
Review
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4446615/ - Macroalgae-Derived Sugars & Polysaccharides
Search results
https://www.intechopen.com/search?q=macroalgae+polysaccharides - Marine Polysaccharides in Food Applications
Search results
https://www.taylorfrancis.com/search?query=marine+polysaccharides+food
Food-Tech, Algae & Functional Nutrition
- Seaweed as Future Food
Search results
https://www.nature.com/search?q=seaweed+future+food - Marine Functional Foods · Marine Drugs
Journal
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs - Seaweed Polysaccharides in Functional Foods · Food Hydrocolloids
Journal
https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/food-hydrocolloids